The Kipupu killings seem to be a more complex issue with neighbouring elements implicated in the massacre.

The situation is more complex than it looks. Provincial authorities, civil society and experts are cautious about the motives for recent violence in the region. There are very localized conflicts and there are more regional dynamics. The management of power, the division of land, the movement of cattle, the manipulation of local dignitaries and several other reasons have exacerbated the violence. Among the groups that have manifested themselves in recent months in this mineral-rich area are the Ngumino. Present in the highlands of the territories of Fizi and Uvira, they are also active in the territory of Mwenga where Kipupu is located. Some of their fighters come from other former Banyamulenge armed groups. There are also the Twiraneho, more present in Bijombo, they also recruit from the Banyamulenge community. Much less structured, they relate to the Ngumino. According to the provincial government of South Kivu, the July 16 attack was carried out by the Ngumino and the Twiraneho. In this area, there are also movements which define themselves as self-defense groups known under the generic name of Mai-Mai. Each community like the bafuliro, the rega or even the Babembe, where there was the attack, has its group. Among the actors, there are also groups of foreign origin with Rwandan and Burundian rebels who are also active. A particular picture that makes the pacification process difficult.